Современная графическая плата состо

Современная графическая плата состоит из следующих частей:

1. Графический процессор (GPU) — занимается расчетами выводимого изображения, освобождая от этой обязанности центральный процессор, производит расчеты для обработки команд трехмерной графики. Является основой графической платы, именно от него зависят быстродействие и возможности всего устройства. Современные графические процессоры по сложности мало, чем уступают центральному процессору компьютера, и зачастую превосходят их по числу транзисторов. Архитектура современного GPU обычно предполагает наличие нескольких блоков обработки информации, а именно: блок обработки 2D графики, блок обработки 3D графики, в свою очередь, обычно разделяющийся на геометрическое ядро (плюс кэш вершин) и блок растеризации (плюс кэш текстур) и др.

2. Видеоконтроллер — отвечает за формирование изображения в видеопамяти, дает команды RAMDAC на формирование сигналов развертки для монитора и осуществляет обработку запросов центрального процессора. Кроме этого, обычно присутствуют контроллер внешней шины данных (например, PCI или AGP), контроллер внутренней шины данных и контроллер видеопамяти. Ширина внутренней шины и шины видеопамяти обычно шире внешней (64, 128 или 256 разрядов против 16 или 32), во многие видеоконтроллеры встраивается еще и RAMDAC. Современные графические адаптеры (ATI, NVIDIA) обычно имеют не менее двух видеоконтроллеров, работающих независимо друг от друга и управляющих одновременно одним или несколькими дисплеями каждый. Видеопамять — играет роль кадрового буфера, в котором хранится в цифровом формате изображение, генерируемое и постоянно изменяемое графическим процессором и выводимое на экран монитора (или нескольких мониторов). В видеопамяти хранятся также промежуточные невидимые на экране элементы изображения и другие данные. Видеопамять бывает нескольких типов, различающихся по скорости доступа и рабочей частоте. Современные видеокарты комплектуются памятью типа DDR, DDR2 или GDDR3. Следует также иметь в виду, что помимо видеопамяти, находящейся на видеокарте, современные графические процессоры обычно используют в своей работе часть общей системной памяти компьютера, прямой доступ к которой организуется драйвером видеоадаптера через шину AGP или PCIE.

3. Цифро-аналоговый преобразователь ЦАП (RAMDAC) — служит для преобразования изображения, формируемого видеоконтроллером, в уровни интенсивности цвета, подаваемые на аналоговый монитор. Возможный диапазон цветности изображения определяется только параметрами RAMDAC. Чаще всего RAMDAC имеет четыре основных блока — три цифроаналоговых преобразователя, по одному на каждый цветовой канал (красный, синий, зеленый, RGB), и SRAM для хранения данных о гаммах коррекции. Большинство ЦАП имеют разрядность 8 бит на канал — получается, по 256 уровней яркости на каждый основной цвет, что в сумме дает 16.7 млн. цветов (и за счет гамма коррекции есть возможность отображать исходные 16.7 млн. цветов в гораздо большее цветовое пространство). Некоторые RAMDAC имеют разрядность по каждому каналу 10bit (1024 уровня яркости), что позволяет сразу отображать более 1 млрд. цветов, но эта возможность практически не используется. Для поддержки второго монитора часто устанавливают второй ЦАП. Стоит отметить, что мониторы и видеопроекторы подключаемые к цифровому DVI выходу видеокарты для преобразования потока цифровых данных используют собственные цифроаналоговые преобразователи и от характеристик ЦАП видеокарты не зависят.

4. Видео-ПЗУ (Video ROM) — постоянное запоминающее устройство, в которое записаны видео-BIOS, экранные шрифты, служебные таблицы и т. п. ПЗУ не используется видеоконтроллером напрямую — к нему обращается только центральный процессор. Хранящийся в ПЗУ видео-BIOS обеспечивает инициализацию и работу видеокарты до загрузки основной операционной системы, а также содержит системные данные, которые могут читаться и интерпретироваться видеодрайвером в процессе работы (в зависимости от применяемого метода разделения ответственности между драйвером и BIOS). На многих современных картах устанавливаются электрически перепрограммируемые ПЗУ, допускающие перезапись видео-BIOS самим пользователем при помощи специальной программы.

5. IB — предназначена для сохранения температурного режима видеопроцессора и видеопамяти в допустимых значениях.

Правильная и полнофункциональная работа современного графического адаптера обеспечивается с помощью видеодрайвера — специального программного обеспечения, поставляемого производителем видеочипа и загружаемого в процессе запуска операционной системы. Видеодрайвер выполняет функции интерфейса между системой с запущенными в ней приложениями и видеоадаптером. Так же как и видео-BIOS, видеодрайвер организует и программно контролирует работу всех частей видеоадаптера через специальные регистры управления, доступ к которым идет через соответствующую шину.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Modern graphics card consists of the following parts:1. graphical processing unit (GPU) is engaged in the calculations of the displayed image, releasing them from that responsibility, the central processor performs calculations for command processing of three-dimensional graphics. Is the Foundation of your graphics card, it is depend on it performance and capabilities of the entire device. Modern graphics processors on the complexity a little than concede the central processor of a computer, and often surpass them by number of transistors. The architecture of modern GPU usually implies the existence of several blocks of information processing, namely block processing of 2D graphics, 3D graphics processing unit, in turn, usually divided into the geometric nucleus (plus the vertex cache) and screening unit (plus cache for textures), etc.2. Video controller is responsible for the formation of images in video memory, gives commands the RAMDAC on formation signals sweep for the monitor and performs query processing CPU. In addition, the external bus controller usually have data (for example, PCI or AGP), internal data bus controller and video memory controller. Internal bus and bus width video RAM is usually wider than the external (64, 128 or 256 bits vs 16 or 32), many display adapters built yet and the RAMDAC. Modern graphics cards (ATI, NVIDIA) typically have at least two controllers working independently and manage one or multiple displays simultaneously. Video memory — plays the role of a frame buffer, which is stored in a digital format image generated constantly mutable and graphics processor and a display on the monitor (or monitors). In video memory are stored also intermediate elements visible on the screen images and other data. Video memory is of several types, different access speeds, and operating frequency. Modern video cards are equipped with DDR memory, DDR2 or GDDR3. It should also be borne in mind that, in addition to the video memory on the graphics card, which is, modern graphics processors typically use in their work part of the total system memory installed in the computer, direct access to the video adapter driver is being organized through which bus AGP or PCIE.3. DAC Digital-to-analog converter (RAMDAC) is used to transform the image generated by the graphics controller, color intensity levels, served on an analog monitor. Color range of an image is determined only by the parameters of the RAMDAC. Most often, the RAMDAC has four main blocks, three digital-to-analog converter, one for each color channel (red, green, blue, and RGB), and SRAM for data storage on palettes. Most DACS have the bitness of 8 bits per channel — turns out, 256 brightness levels for each primary color, for a total of 16.7 million. the flowers (and at the expense of gamma correction is able to display the original 16.7 million colors in a much larger color space). Some have the bitness of the RAMDAC on each channel 10 bit (1024 brightness level) that allows you to display more than 1 billion. colors, but this is almost never used. To support a second monitor often install second DACs. It is worth noting that monitors and video projectors connected to digital DVI output of the graphics card to digital data flow transformations use their own digital to analog converters and the characteristics of the DIGITAL-to-ANALOG video cards do not depend.4. Video-ROM (ROM Video) — the permanent storage device, which recorded the video BIOS, screen fonts, tables, etc. do not use ROM video directly to it only the CPU. Stored in ROM video BIOS initializes and work the graphics card before you load the main operating system, and also contains the system data that can be read and interpreted by the display driver in the course of work (depending on the method of Division of responsibilities between driver and BIOS). On many modern maps are set electrically reprogrammable ROM, allowing the overwriting of video BIOS yourself using a special program.5. The IB is designed to preserve the temperature regime of the GPU and video memory in the valid values.Correct and fully functional work of modern graphics adapter by using a video driver is special software provided by the manufacturer of the videočipa and loaded during system startup. The driver performs the functions of an interface between the system running the it applications and video card. As well as video BIOS video driver organizes and supervises all parts programmatically video adapter via the special registers, control access to who goes through the appropriate bus.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Modern graphics card consists of the following parts: 1. Graphics processor (GPU) - is engaged in calculations of the output image, are exempt from this obligation CPU performs calculations for three-dimensional graphics processing commands. Is the foundation of your graphics card, it depends on the speed of it and the possibility of the entire device. Modern GPUs complexity little inferior to the central computer processor, and often surpass them by the number of transistors. Architecture of modern GPU usually implies the presence of several data processing units, namely the processing unit 2D graphics processing unit for 3D graphics, in turn, is usually divided into geometric kernel (plus cache of vertices) and block rasterization (plus cache textures), and others. 2 . The video - is responsible for the formation of the image in the video memory, RAMDAC gives commands to the formation of scan signals to the monitor and performs the processing of the CPU requests. In addition, the present controller normally external data bus (e.g., PCI or AGP), the internal data bus controller and memory controller. The width of the internal bus and memory bus are usually wider than the outer (64, 128, or 256 bits, compared to 16 or 32), in many embedded video controllers also RAMDAC. Modern graphics adapters (ATI, NVIDIA) typically have at least two video controllers working independently and simultaneously control each one or more displays. Video memory - serves as a frame buffer, which stores digital image generated and constantly changing graphic processor and displayed on the monitor (or multiple monitors). The video memory is stored as intermediate invisible elements on the screen images and other data. Video memory is of several types, differing in speed of access and the operating frequency. Modern graphics cards are equipped with memory type DDR, DDR2 or GDDR3. It should also be borne in mind that in addition to the video memory located on the video card, modern graphics processors are commonly used in the work part of the computer's main memory, direct access to a video driver arranged through the AGP or PCIE bus. 3. Digital-to-analog converter DAC (RAMDAC) - used to convert the image formed by the video controller, to levels of color intensity, applied to the analog monitor. Possible image color range is defined only RAMDAC settings. Most often RAMDAC has four main sections - three-analog converter, one for each color channel (red, blue, green, RGB), and SRAM for storing data for gamma correction. Most DACs have 8 bit per channel - it turns out, 256 brightness levels for each primary color, for a total of 16.7 million colors (also by gamma correction is possible to display the original 16.7 million colors in a much larger color space.).. Some have a RAMDAC bit for each channel 10bit (1024 brightness levels), which allows you to immediately display more than 1 billion. Colors, but this possibility is little used. To support a second monitor often set the second DAC. It is worth noting that monitors and projectors connected to the digital DVI video output to convert digital data stream using their own digital to analog converters, and the characteristics of the video DAC are independent. 4. Video-ROM (Video ROM) - read-only memory in which the BIOS-recorded video, screen fonts, office tables, etc. ROM video controller is not used directly -.. Only the CPU accesses it. Video stored in the ROM-BIOS provides initialization and graphics work to boot the host operating system, and also contains the system data that can be read and interpreted by the video driver during operation (depending on the method used, the division of responsibilities between driver and BIOS). In many modern maps are installed electrically reprogrammable ROM, allowing overwriting video-BIOS by the user by means of a special program. 5. The IB -. Designed to save the temperature regime the video processor and memory within the permissible values ​​of correct and full functionality of modern graphics card is provided by the video driver - a special software provided by the manufacturer of the video chip and feed in the process of launching the operating system. Video Driver serves as the interface between the system that is running in its applications, and video card. As well as video-BIOS, video driver software organizes and supervises the work of all parts of the video through a special control registers, access to which is via a corresponding bus.

Результаты (английский) 3:

modern graphics card is composed of the following parts:1. graphics processing unit (gpu) is a ground inferences of images, releasing from the responsibilities of the central processor, performs calculations for 3d graphics processing commands. is the basis of graphics boards, depend upon it the speed and capabilities of the entire device. modern graphics processors on the complexity of the little than to the mainframe computer, and often surpass them in terms of the number of transistors. the modern gpu architecture usually involves a number of blocks of information processing, namely, the processing of 2d graphics, 3d graphics processing unit, in turn, usually разделяющийся on geometric kernel (plus the cache nodes), and the block on the (plus the texture cache) and others.2. video display controller is responsible for formation of images in the video memory, giving the team RAMDAC forming signals of the monitor, and carries out the processing requests from the cpu. in addition, usually are the external bus data (e.g., pci or agp), the inner tire data and the video memory. the width of the inner tyre and the tyre external video memory is usually larger (64, 128 or 256 level against 16 or 32), many видеоконтроллеры is built more and RAMDAC. modern graphics adapters (ati, nvidia) usually have at least two видеоконтроллеров working independently of each other and managers at the same time, one or more displays each. video memory - plays the role of the personnel file, which is stored in the digital image generated and constantly изменяемое graphics processor and выводимое on screen (or several monitors). in the video memory are stored as intermediate invisible on the screen elements of images and other data. video memory can be of several types, the heterogeneity of access speed and the working frequency. modern graphics cards includes memory like ddr, ddr2, or GDDR3. it should also be borne in mind that, in addition to the video memory of the graphics card, modern graphics processors are usually used in the part of system memory of a computer, direct access to which is through a driver видеоадаптера agp or PCIE.3. digital to analog converter digital to analog converters (dacs) (RAMDAC) serves for the conversion of the image, which is formed видеоконтроллером, levels of intensity of color from the analog monitor. the possible range of chromaticity coordinates of the image is only determined by the parameters of RAMDAC. most RAMDAC has four main blocks - three цифроаналоговых transducers, one for each color channel (red, green, blue, rgb), and power srams for data storage on variants of correction. the majority of digital to analog converters (dacs) have 8 bits for parity