1. The beginning of railway constru

1. The beginning of railway construction in Russia may be traced as far back as the second half of the XVIII century. Road building was closely connected with the development of mining industry.
2. Among the numerous works built in the Urals at that time, the most important and the best equipped ones were the Voskresensk Works. It was at those works that the first tram-ways in Russia were laid to link the mines and the works. K.D. Frolov, a highly qualified and talented engineer, took part in the construction of those industrial tracks.
3. The next very important step forward was use of cast-iron rails proposed by A.S. Yartsev, manager of the Petrozavodsk Works. In 1788, a 173.5m long track was constructed to meet the needs of the works.
4. In 1809, another line, using cast-iron rails, was laid in the Altai Mountains by R.K. Frolov, a son of K.D. Frolov. The line was 1 867 m long and its technical equipment was much superior to that of all railways built in Russia at that time. R.K. Frolov used elliptical rails and was the first engineer who applied the graphic method of timing train movement.
5. A very significant innovation, which promoted the development of Russian Railways, was the introduction of steam traction. The first steam-powered locomotive in our country was built by the Cherepanov’s, father and son, the most skilled and talented mechanics of their time. Thanks to their invention, the first railways in Russia, using steam traction was put in operation at the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant in 1833. It was a short distance line covering only 854 m.
6. Some 4 years later, in October 1837, the first public railway St.Petersburg – Pavlovsk, was laid and opened to traffic. It was a 6 ft gauge line, 27 km long, built by Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner. Locomotives were supplied by Stephenson and Hackworth Company, England.
7. The most significant event in the history of Russian Railways was the construction of the St.Petersburg - Moscow Railroad, 644 km long. The line was begun in 1843 and was 8 years under construction: it was opened to traffic in November 1851. It was the first railway in Russia to adopt a 5 ft. gauge (now the standard). The St.Petersburg – Moscow Railway was a first-class double track tine, which connected the largest industrial and cultural centers of the country. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built along the track to make it as straight and level as possible. P.P. Melnikov and N.O. Kraft, both prominent Russian engineers, were in charge of the construction.
8. After the end of the Crimean War in 1856, railway construction in Russia was developing very rapidly. Many new railroads were laid in the country. The first Asiatic line, in the Caucasus, more than 300 km long, was opened in 1872. The connection between the Black and the Caspian Seas had been completed by 1885, when the Trans-Caspian Railway was built. A really great event for the development of Russian economy was the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
9. By the end of the XIX century, more than 30,000 km of railway tracks had been laid across the vast Russian territory. By 1913, the railway network of the country included 25 state lines and 13 private tracks, belonging to different companies. Although the Russian Railway System was the largest in Europe, it was in¬adequate to the great territory and did not meet the growing demands of the country’s national economy.

Результаты (русский) 1:

1. Начало строительства железной дороги в России может быть прослежена еще в второй половине XVIII века. Строительство дорог было тесно связано с развитием горнодобывающей промышленности. 2. среди многочисленных работ, построенных на Урале в то время наиболее важных и наиболее оборудованные из них были Воскресенска. Именно на этих работах что первые трамвайные пути в России были заложены мины и работы. К.д. Фролов, высококвалифицированный и талантливый инженер, принимал участие в строительстве этих промышленных треков. 3. следующим важным шагом вперед является использование чугунного рельсов, предлагаемых A.S. Ярцев, менеджер Петрозаводска работ. В 1788 г. 173,5 м длинный трек был построен для удовлетворения потребностей работы. 4. в 1809 году другой линии, используя чугунные перила, был заложен в Алтайских горах R.K. Фролов, сын К.Д Фролов. Линия была 1 867 м в длину и ее техническое оснащение было намного выше, что из всех железных дорог, построенных в России в то время. Фролов R.K. используются эллиптические рельсы и был первым инженером, который применил графический метод времени железнодорожного движения. 5. A very significant innovation, which promoted the development of Russian Railways, was the introduction of steam traction. The first steam-powered locomotive in our country was built by the Cherepanov’s, father and son, the most skilled and talented mechanics of their time. Thanks to their invention, the first railways in Russia, using steam traction was put in operation at the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant in 1833. It was a short distance line covering only 854 m. 6. Some 4 years later, in October 1837, the first public railway St.Petersburg – Pavlovsk, was laid and opened to traffic. It was a 6 ft gauge line, 27 km long, built by Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner. Locomotives were supplied by Stephenson and Hackworth Company, England. 7. The most significant event in the history of Russian Railways was the construction of the St.Petersburg - Moscow Railroad, 644 km long. The line was begun in 1843 and was 8 years under construction: it was opened to traffic in November 1851. It was the first railway in Russia to adopt a 5 ft. gauge (now the standard). The St.Petersburg – Moscow Railway was a first-class double track tine, which connected the largest industrial and cultural centers of the country. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built along the track to make it as straight and level as possible. P.P. Melnikov and N.O. Kraft, both prominent Russian engineers, were in charge of the construction.8. After the end of the Crimean War in 1856, railway construction in Russia was developing very rapidly. Many new railroads were laid in the country. The first Asiatic line, in the Caucasus, more than 300 km long, was opened in 1872. The connection between the Black and the Caspian Seas had been completed by 1885, when the Trans-Caspian Railway was built. A really great event for the development of Russian economy was the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Railway.9. By the end of the XIX century, more than 30,000 km of railway tracks had been laid across the vast Russian territory. By 1913, the railway network of the country included 25 state lines and 13 private tracks, belonging to different companies. Although the Russian Railway System was the largest in Europe, it was in¬adequate to the great territory and did not meet the growing demands of the country’s national economy.