Civil courtsDuncan Ritchie, a barri

Civil courts
Duncan Ritchie, a barrister, is talking to a visiting group of
young European lawyers.
'Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales
primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly
happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts
decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally
deal with points of law. In England, simple civil actions, for example family matters such as
undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the Magistrates' Courts or the County Courts.
Judges have different titles depending on their experience, training, and level. A single
stipendiary magistrate or three lay magistrates sit in the Magistrates' Court. There's no
jury in a Magistrates' Court. Family cases may go on appeal from the Magistrates' Court
to the County Courts. The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases,
such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods
or services, and bankruptcy cases. Claimants, previously referred to as plaintiffs, may seek
a legal remedy for some harm or injury they have suffered. There are circuit judges and
recorders who sit in the County Courts, usually without a jury. Juries are now rare in civil
actions, so normally the judge considers both law and fact.
More complex civil cases, such as the administration of estates and actions for the
recovery of land, are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three
divisions: Family, Chancery and Queen's Bench. The court has both original, that is,
first instance, and appellate jurisdiction. From the High Court cases may go on appeal
to the civil division of the Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of
the lower courts. Its decisions bind all the lower civil courts. Civil cases may leapfrog
from the High Court to the House of Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points
of law of general public importance are involved. Appellants must, however, apply for
leave to appeal. Decisions of rhe House of Lords arc binding on all other courts but
not necessarily on itself. The court of the House of Lords consists of twelve life peers
appointed from judges and barristers. The quorum, or minimum number, of law lords for
an appeal hearing is normally rhrce, but generally there is a sitting of five judges."
Note: A stipendiary is a full-time paid magistrate who has qualified as a lawyer,
A lay magistrate is unpaid and is an established member of the local community.
A circuit is a geographical division for legal purposes; England and Wales are divided into six.
A recorder is a part-time judge with ten years standing as a barrister or solicitor.
See Unit 12 for more information about judges. See B below for more information about juries.

Результаты (английский) 3:

民事法庭
邓肯里奇，一名律师，跟来了一组
欧洲青年律师。
'both英格兰和威尔士的刑事和民事法庭
主要是听取证据和目的究竟是什么
一例发生。从广义上说，较低的法院，事实上和上法庭的决定事项，一般都会处理。在英国，简单的民事行为，例如家庭问题如
不设防的离婚，通常在裁判法院或县法院审理。
法官有不同的称谓根据他们的经验，培训，和水平。一个
领薪治安法官或裁判官三坐在裁判法院。治安法庭的陪审团。家庭案件可上诉法院的上诉向郡法院。县法院还审理了复杂的第一审民事案件，如合同纠纷、赔偿请求、消费者投诉、不合格商品或服务、破产案件。原告，先前被称为原告，可以寻求一种对他们所遭受的伤害或伤害的法律救济。有巡回法官和录音机，坐在县法院，通常没有陪审团。现在陪审团在民事
行为是罕见的，所以通常法官考虑法律和事实。
更复杂的民事案件，如财产和行为管理的土地
回收，在高等法院听到，它分为三类：家庭、
尚书王座。法院既有原始，也就是“”，上诉管辖权。从高等法院案件可以上诉到民事庭的上诉法院，这可以推翻或维护一个判决的下级法院。它的决定将所有较低的民事法庭都约束。民事案件可以从高级法院到上议院，绕过了上诉法院，在普通公众的法律意义上，法院的诉讼请求被牵涉到。上诉人必须，然而，
上诉许可申请。决定的上议院弧在所有法院结合但不一定对自己
。上议院的法院由十二个终身贵族
从法官和律师委任。仲裁，或最少，为
上诉听证会通常是rhrce议院，但一般有一个坐着五个法官组成。”
注：领薪是一位全职法官谁有资格作为一个律师，
奠定县长是无偿的，是当地社区建立会员。
电路是实现法律目的的地理区划；英格兰和威尔士分为六。
记录器是一个十年作为一个大律师或律师兼职法官。
看到12单元有关法官更多的信息。看到B下面有关陪审团的更多信息。