History of computersLet us take a l

History of computers


Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today.
The very first calculating deviceused was the ten fingers of a man’s hands.
This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiplesof tens.
Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right.
People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in someparts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.


During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating.
J. Napier, aScotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide ruleworks.
Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians usetoday.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton,an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician.


The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments.
Thistype of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes,depends on a series of ten-toothed gear wheels.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed amachine that was called ‘The Analytical Engine’.
This machine, which Babbage showed at the ParisExhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing themachine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved.
He never finished this work, but manyof his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.


In 1930, the first analog computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush.
This device was usedin World War II to help aim guns.
Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in1944.
The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM.
This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems, all at a very fastrate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Mauchly, built the firstdigital computer using parts called vacuum tubes.
They named their new invention ENIAC.
Anotherimportant advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newmann developed the idea ofkeeping instructions for the computer inside the computer’s memory.


The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950.
Univac I is an exampleof these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second.
In 1960, the secondgeneration of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than theirpredecessors.
The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first-generationcomputers.
The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965.
These computers could doa million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first-generation computers.
Unlikesecond-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequentlysmaller and more dependable.
Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integratedcircuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size.
This is due to microminiaturization,which means that the circuits are much smaller than before;
as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto asingle chip.A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from to inch, upon which several layers of anintegrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic, ceramic ormetal.Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and cancomplete approximately 1,000,000 instructions per second.

Результаты (английский) 3:

в secondgeneration компьютеров была разработана и они могут выполнять работы в 10 раз быстрее, чем theirpredecessors.
это дополнительная скорость является использование транзисторов, вместо того чтобы вакуумные лампы.
второго поколения компьютеров были меньше, быстрее и более надежного, чем первый generationcomputers.
третьего поколения компьютеров появился на рынке, в 1965 г.
эти компьютеры могут Doa миллионов расчетов второго, который в тысячу раз больше, чем в первом поколении компьютеры.
unlikesecond поколения компьютеров, они контролируются маленькой интегральных схем и consequentlysmaller и более надежный.
четвертого поколения компьютеров уже вышли, и integratedcircuits, которые разрабатываются были значительно сокращены размеры.
电脑的历史


让我们看看历史上的计算机，我们今天知道。
第一个计算器可用是一个男人的手的十个手指。
这，事实上，就是为什么我们今天仍算几十和几十
。后来发明了算盘，一珠架的珠子是从左到右。
人们继续使用某种形式的算盘到第十六世纪，它仍然被使用在世界一些地区因为它可以理解不知道如何阅读。


在第十七和第十八世纪，许多人试图找到简单的方法计算。
J.纳皮尔，ascotsman，设计了一个乘法和除法的机械方式，这就是现代ruleworks
滑动。亨利布里格斯纳皮尔的想法产生的所有数学家使用对数表。
微积分，另一个数学分支，独立发明的艾萨克牛顿爵士，英国人，和莱布尼茨，德国数学家。


第一次真正的计算机出现在1820多人的实验结果。
这种机器，这节省了大量的时间和杰出的减少犯错误的可能性，取决于一系列的十个齿的齿轮。
1830查尔斯巴贝奇设计的机器，一个英国人，被称为“分析机”。
本机，并显示在1855 parisexhibition巴贝奇，企图切断人类共，除了提供机器有关问题与必要的事实来解决了。
他没有完成这项工作，但他的许多思想是构建当今计算机的基础。


1930，第一次模拟计算机是由一个美国人Vannevar Bush建成。
这个装置是在二战中帮助目的
标记枪。我，给第一个数字计算机的名称，完成年。本发明
负责人霍华德艾肯教授和一些人从IBM
。这是第一台能找出长数学问题的列表，都在一个非常fastrate。
1946宾夕法尼亚大学的两名工程师，J.埃克特和J. Mauchly，使用部分称为真空管建firstdigital计算机。
他们命名了他们的新发明
ENIAC。在电脑的另一个重要的进步是在1947，当约翰冯纽曼开发理念让指令在计算机内存的计算机。


第一代计算机，它使用真空管，排在1950。
UNIVAC I是一个例子，这些计算机可以执行计算每秒数千
中。1960，开发了计算机的第二代和这些可能比前人更快的工作完成十次。
这额外的速度的原因是晶体管代替真空管的使用。
二代电脑更小，更快，比第一代计算机更加可靠。
第三代计算机开始在市场上出现
1965。这些计算机可以做百万计算一秒，这是1000倍的第一代计算机。
unlikesecond代计算机，这些都是由微小的集成电路控制，consequentlysmaller更可靠。
第四代计算机目前已经抵达，并正在开发的集成电路已大大缩小。
这是由于微型化，这意味着电路比以前小多了；
多达1000个微小的电路现在适合到一个芯片。芯片是一个正方形或长方形的硅片，通常从英寸，上面几层集成电路蚀刻或印迹，之后的电路封装塑料，陶瓷或金属。第四代计算机是50倍的速度比第三代计算机能够完成约1000000条指令每秒
。