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The total length of rivers and canals permanently or seasonally suitable for timber rafting is about 15,000 km. Navigable waterways total 3,800 km, mainly on the Dnieper and its tributaries, the Pripyat, the Berezina and the Sozh, the Western Dvina, the Niemen, and the Bug.The Belarusian largest river is the Dnieper, which runs for more than 700 kilometres through the republic. At first it flows in a narrow valley. In several places its channel is very rocky, and above Orsha, where it runs through Devonian dolomites, there are rapids, all of which restrict navigation. The right bank is high and, in places, precipitous, whereas the left bank is low along practically the whole course, and both are covered with bushes and meadow grasses. The river is famous for its dams and hydroelectric stations. In Belarus the Dnieper is joined by its left-hand tributary, the Sozh, and the right-hand tributaries, the Pripyat Drut, the Berezina. The Berezina carries its waters along a shallow valley, through flood meadows and standing bush. It is used for both navigation and logging. Napoleon Bonaparte's army suffered heavy losses when crossing the Berezina in November 1812 during his retreat from Russia. Since then «Berezina» has been used in French as a synonym of catastrophe.
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