Early LifeBorn on Feb. 12, 1809, in

Early Life

Born on Feb. 12, 1809, in a log cabin in backwoods Hardin co., Ky. (now Larue co.), he grew up on newly broken pioneer farms of the frontier. His father, Thomas Lincoln, was a migratory carpenter and farmer, nearly always poverty-stricken. Little is known of his mother, Nancy Hanks, who died in 1818, not long after the family had settled in the wilds of what is now Spencer co., Ind. Thomas Lincoln soon afterward married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow; she was a kind and affectionate stepmother to the boy. Abraham had almost no formal schooling—the scattered weeks of school attendance in Kentucky and Indiana amounted to less than a year; but he taught himself, reading and rereading a small stock of books. His first glimpse of the wider world came in a voyage downriver to New Orleans on a flatboat in 1828, but little is known of that journey. In 1830 the Lincolns moved once more, this time to Macon co., Ill.

After another visit to New Orleans, the young Lincoln settled in 1831 in the village of New Salem, Ill., not far from Springfield. There he began by working in a store and managing a mill. By this time a tall (6 ft 4 in./190 cm), rawboned young man, he won much popularity among the inhabitants of the frontier town by his great strength and his flair for storytelling, but most of all by his strength of character. His sincerity and capability won respect that was strengthened by his ability to hold his own in the roughest society. He was chosen captain of a volunteer company gathered for the Black Hawk War (1832), but the company did not see battle.

Returning to New Salem, Lincoln was a partner in a grocery store that failed, leaving him with a heavy burden of debt. He became a surveyor for a time, was village postmaster, and did various odd jobs, including rail splitting. All the while he sought to improve his education and studied law. The story of a brief love affair with Ann Rutledge, which supposedly occurred at this time, is now discredited.

Early Political Career

In 1834, Lincoln was elected to the state legislature, in which he served four successive terms (until 1841) and achieved prominence as a Whig. In 1836 he obtained his license as an attorney, and the next year he moved to Springfield, where he became a law partner of John T. Stuart. Lincoln's practice steadily increased. That first partnership was succeeded by others, with Stephen T. Logan and then with William H. Herndon, who was later to be Lincoln's biographer. Lincoln displayed great ability in law, a ready grasp of argument, and sincerity, color, and lucidity of speech.

In 1842 he married Mary Todd (see Lincoln, Mary Todd) after a troubled courtship. He continued his interest in politics and entered on the national scene by serving one term in Congress (1847–49). He remained obscure, however, and his attacks as a Whig on the motives behind the Mexican War (though he voted for war supplies) seemed unpatriotic to his constituents, so he lost popularity at home. Lincoln worked hard for the election of the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, in 1848, but when he was not rewarded with the office he desired—Commissioner of the General Land Office—he decided to retire from politics and return to the practice of law.

Slavery and the Lincoln-Douglas Debates

The prairie lawyer emerged again into politics in 1854, when he was caught up in the rising quarrel over slavery. He stoutly opposed the policy of Stephen A. Douglas and particularly the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In a speech at Springfield, repeated at Peoria, he attacked the compromises concerning the question of slavery in the territories and invoked the democratic ideals contained in the Declaration of Independence. In 1855 he sought to become a Senator but failed.

He had already realized that his sentiments were leading him away from the Whigs and toward the new Republican party, and in 1856 he became a Republican. He quickly came to the fore in the party as a moderate opponent of slavery who could win both the abolitionists and the conservative free-staters, and at the Republican national convention of 1856 he was prominent as a possible vice presidential candidate. Two years later he was nominated by the Republican party to oppose Douglas in the Illinois senatorial race.

Accepting the nomination (in a speech delivered at Springfield on June 16), Lincoln gave a ringing declaration in support of the Union: “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” The campaign that followed was impressive. Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates (seven were held), in which he delivered masterful addresses for the Union and for the democratic idea. He was not an abolitionist, but he regarded slavery as an injustice and an evil, and uncompromisingly opposed its extension.

Presidency

Though Douglas won the senatorial election, Lincoln had made his mark by the debates; he was now a potential presidential candidate. His first appearance in the East was in Feb., 1860, when he spoke at Cooper Union in New York City. He gained a large following in the antislavery states, but his nomination for President by the Republican convention in Chicago (May, 1860) was as much due to the opposition to William H. Seward, the leading contender, as to Lincoln's own appeal. He was nominated on the third ballot. In the election the Democratic party split; Lincoln was opposed by Douglas (Northern Democrat), John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Unionist). Lincoln was elected with a minority of the popular vote.

To the South, Lincoln's election was the signal for secession. All compromise plans, such as that proposed by John J. Crittenden, failed, and by the time of Lincoln's inauguration seven states had seceded. The new President, determined to preserve the Union at all costs, condemned secession but promised that he would not initiate the use of force. After a slight delay, however, he did order the provisioning of Fort Sumter, and the South chose to regard this as an act of war. On Apr. 12, 1861, Fort Sumter was fired upon, and the Civil War began.

Although various criticisms have been leveled against him, it is generally agreed that Lincoln attacked the vast problems of the war with vigor and surpassing skill. He immediately issued a summons to the militia (an act that precipitated the secession of four more Southern states), ordered a blockade of Confederate ports, and suspended habeas corpus. The last action provoked much criticism, but Lincoln adhered to it, ignoring a circuit court ruling against him in the Merryman Case (see Merryman, ex parte). In the course of the war, Lincoln further extended his executive powers, but in general he exercised those powers with restraint. He was beset not only by the difficulties of the war, but by opposition from men on his own side. His cabinet was rent by internal jealousies and hatred; radical abolitionists condemned him as too mild; conservatives were gloomy over the prospects of success in the war.

In the midst of all this strife, Lincoln continued his course, sometimes almost alone, with wisdom and patience. The progress of battle went against the North at first. Lincoln himself made some bad military decisions (e.g., in ordering the direct advance into Virginia that resulted in the Union defeat at the first battle of Bull Run), and he ran through a succession of commanders in chief before he found Ulysses S. Grant. In the early stages of the war Lincoln revoked orders by John C. Fremont and David Hunter freeing the slaves in their military departments. However, the Union victory at Antietam gave him a position of strength from which to issue his own Emancipation Proclamation.

The restoration and preservation of the Union were still the main tenets of Lincoln's war aims. The sorrows of war and its rigorous necessity afflicted him; he expressed both in one of the noblest public speeches ever made, the Gettysburg Address, made at the dedication of the soldiers' cemetery at Gettysburg in 1863. For a time Lincoln was threatened by the desertion of the Republican leaders as well as by a strong opposition party in the presidential election that loomed ahead in the dark days of 1864; but a turn for the better took place before the election, a turn brought about to some extent by a change of military fortune after Grant became commander and particularly after William T. Sherman took Atlanta.

Lincoln was reelected over George B. McClellan by a great majority. His second inaugural address, delivered when the war was drawing to its close, was a plea for the new country that would arise from the ashes of the South. His own view was one of forgiveness, as shown in his memorable phrase “With malice toward none; with charity for all.” He lived to see the end of the war, but he was to have no chance to implement his plans for Reconstruction. On the night of Apr. 14, 1865, when attending a performance at Ford's Theater, he was shot by the actor John Wilkes Booth. The next morning Lincoln died. His death was an occasion for grief even among those who had been his opponents, and many considered him a martyr.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Ранние годы жизниРодился 12 февраля 1809 года в кабину журнала в глуши Хардин co., Ky. (теперь Larue co.), он вырос на недавно сломанной пионер фермах границы. Его отец, Thomas Линкольн, был мигрирующих Карпентер и фермер, почти всегда бедных. Мало что известно о его матери, Нэнси Хэнкс, который умер в 1818 году, не долго после того, как семьи поселились в дебрях о том, что в настоящее время Спенсер co., Ind. Thomas Линкольн скоро потом женился Сара Буш Джонстон, вдова; Она была добрая и ласковая мачеха для мальчика. Авраам был почти без формального школьного образования — рассеянного недель посещаемости в Кентукки и Индиана составил менее чем за год; но он учил сам, читая и перечитывая небольшой запас книг. Его первый проблеск всего мира приехали в путешествие вниз по реке в Новый Орлеан на flatboat в 1828 году, но мало что известно об этом путешествии. В 1830 году Линкольна переехал один раз больше, на этот раз Macon Co., Ill.После еще один визит в Новый Орлеан молодой Линкольн поселились в 1831 году в деревне новый Салем, штат Иллинойс, неподалеку от Спрингфилда. Там он начал, работая в магазине и управление мельница. На этот раз Талль (6 футов 4 дюйма/190 см), rawboned молодой человек, он выиграл большую популярность среди жителей приграничный город, его большая сила и его талант для повествования, но большинство из всех его сила характера. Его искренность и возможности снискал уважение, укрепить его способность проводить свою собственную в грубой общества. Он был выбран, капитан волонтеров компании собрались для Black Hawk войны (1832), но компания не видит битвы.Возвращаясь к новым Салем, Линкольн был партнером в продуктовый магазин, который не удалось, оставив его с тяжелым бременем задолженности. Он стал сюрвейера в течение времени, была деревня почтмейстер и сделал различные нечетные рабочие места, включая разделение железнодорожных. Все это время он стремился улучшить его образование и изучал право. История о краткий роман с Энн Рутледж, который предположительно произошел в это время, сейчас дискредитированы.Начало политической карьерыВ 1834 году Линкольн был избран в законодательный орган штата, в котором он служил четыре подряд (до 1841) и достиг известность как вигов. В 1836 году он получил лицензию адвоката, и следующем году он переехал в Спрингфилд, где он стал партнером закон Джон т. Стюарт. Линкольн в практике, неуклонно росло. Это первое партнерство сменил другими, с Stephen т. Логан и затем с William H. Херндон, который был позже быть Линкольна биограф. Линкольн отображаются большие способности в области права, готовы понять аргумент и искренность, цвета и ясность речи.В 1842 году он женился на Мэри Тодд (см. Линкольн, Мэри Тодд) после неспокойных ухаживания. Он продолжил его интерес к политике и вступил на национальной арене, служа один срок в конгрессе (1847 – 49). Он оставался неясным, однако и его атак как вигов на мотивы мексиканской войны (хотя он проголосовал за военных поставок) казалось непатриотично для своих избирателей, поэтому он потерял популярность у себя дома. Линкольн упорно трудился для избрания кандидата вигов, Закари Тейлор, в 1848, но когда он не был вознагражден с управлением он желаемого — комиссар земли офисными — он решил отойти от политики и вернуться в юридической практике.Рабство и Линкольн Дуглас дебатыПрейри адвокат снова появились в политику в 1854 году, когда он был пойман в рост ссоры в над рабством. Он решительно выступал против политики Stephen A. Дугласа и особенно Канзас-Небраска закона. В своей речи в Спрингфилд, повторяется в Пеория он напал на компромиссы, по вопросу о рабстве в территориях и вызывается демократических идеалов, содержащихся в Декларации независимости. В 1855 году он стремился стать сенатором, но не удалось.Он уже понял, что его чувства были ведущие его от Виги и к новой Республиканской партии, и в 1856 году он стал республиканцем. Он быстро вышел на первый план в партии умеренных противником рабства кто выиграть аболиционисты и консервативной бесплатно статеры, и в Республиканской национальной конвенции 1856 он был известный как возможного вице кандидат в президенты. Два года спустя он был номинирован на Республиканской партии против Дуглас в гонке Сенат Иллинойса.Принимая назначение (в речи, произнесенной в Спрингфилде на 16 июня), Линкольн дал звон декларацию в поддержку Союза: «дом, разделившийся сам в себе не может стоять.» Кампания, которая последовала был впечатляющим. Линкольн оспорено Дуглас серию дебатов (семь из них были проведены), в котором он выступил мастерски адреса для Союза и демократической идеи. Он был не отменившие смертную казнь, но он считает рабство как несправедливости и зла и бескомпромиссно против его расширение.ПрезидиумThough Douglas won the senatorial election, Lincoln had made his mark by the debates; he was now a potential presidential candidate. His first appearance in the East was in Feb., 1860, when he spoke at Cooper Union in New York City. He gained a large following in the antislavery states, but his nomination for President by the Republican convention in Chicago (May, 1860) was as much due to the opposition to William H. Seward, the leading contender, as to Lincoln's own appeal. He was nominated on the third ballot. In the election the Democratic party split; Lincoln was opposed by Douglas (Northern Democrat), John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Unionist). Lincoln was elected with a minority of the popular vote.To the South, Lincoln's election was the signal for secession. All compromise plans, such as that proposed by John J. Crittenden, failed, and by the time of Lincoln's inauguration seven states had seceded. The new President, determined to preserve the Union at all costs, condemned secession but promised that he would not initiate the use of force. After a slight delay, however, he did order the provisioning of Fort Sumter, and the South chose to regard this as an act of war. On Apr. 12, 1861, Fort Sumter was fired upon, and the Civil War began.Although various criticisms have been leveled against him, it is generally agreed that Lincoln attacked the vast problems of the war with vigor and surpassing skill. He immediately issued a summons to the militia (an act that precipitated the secession of four more Southern states), ordered a blockade of Confederate ports, and suspended habeas corpus. The last action provoked much criticism, but Lincoln adhered to it, ignoring a circuit court ruling against him in the Merryman Case (see Merryman, ex parte). In the course of the war, Lincoln further extended his executive powers, but in general he exercised those powers with restraint. He was beset not only by the difficulties of the war, but by opposition from men on his own side. His cabinet was rent by internal jealousies and hatred; radical abolitionists condemned him as too mild; conservatives were gloomy over the prospects of success in the war.In the midst of all this strife, Lincoln continued his course, sometimes almost alone, with wisdom and patience. The progress of battle went against the North at first. Lincoln himself made some bad military decisions (e.g., in ordering the direct advance into Virginia that resulted in the Union defeat at the first battle of Bull Run), and he ran through a succession of commanders in chief before he found Ulysses S. Grant. In the early stages of the war Lincoln revoked orders by John C. Fremont and David Hunter freeing the slaves in their military departments. However, the Union victory at Antietam gave him a position of strength from which to issue his own Emancipation Proclamation.The restoration and preservation of the Union were still the main tenets of Lincoln's war aims. The sorrows of war and its rigorous necessity afflicted him; he expressed both in one of the noblest public speeches ever made, the Gettysburg Address, made at the dedication of the soldiers' cemetery at Gettysburg in 1863. For a time Lincoln was threatened by the desertion of the Republican leaders as well as by a strong opposition party in the presidential election that loomed ahead in the dark days of 1864; but a turn for the better took place before the election, a turn brought about to some extent by a change of military fortune after Grant became commander and particularly after William T. Sherman took Atlanta.Lincoln was reelected over George B. McClellan by a great majority. His second inaugural address, delivered when the war was drawing to its close, was a plea for the new country that would arise from the ashes of the South. His own view was one of forgiveness, as shown in his memorable phrase “With malice toward none; with charity for all.” He lived to see the end of the war, but he was to have no chance to implement his plans for Reconstruction. On the night of Apr. 14, 1865, when attending a performance at Ford's Theater, he was shot by the actor John Wilkes Booth. The next morning Lincoln died. His death was an occasion for grief even among those who had been his opponents, and many considered him a martyr.

Результаты (русский) 3:

в начале жизни

родился 12 февраля 1809 года в хижине в глубинке хардин Co., Ky. (в настоящее время лару Co.), он вырос на вновь сломался "фермы границы.его отца, томаса линкольн был далеко мигрирующих плотник и фермер, почти всегда бедных.мало что известно о его мать нэнси хэнкс, который умер в 1818 году, вскоре после того, как семья поселилась в дебри, что сейчас спенсер Co., син.томас линкольн вскоре после него замуж сара буш джонстон, вдова; она была добрым и любящим мачеха к мальчику.авраам был почти нет формального школьного образования, разбросанные недели посещаемость в кентукки и индиана, составила менее года, но он научил себя читать и перечитывать, небольшой запас книг.его первое впечатление от всего мира пришли в путешествие вниз по течению в новый орлеан на flatboat в 1828 году, но мало известно, что путешествие.в 1830 году переехал в lincolns вновь, на этот раз в макон Co., жестокого.

после очередного визита в новом орлеане, молодой линкольн поселились в 1831 году в деревне новая салем, жестокого, недалеко от спрингфилда.там он и начал работать в магазине и управление заводом.к этому времени высокий (6 футов 4. / 190 см), rawboned молодой человек, он не сильно популярны среди жителей пограничного города, его большую силу и его талант рассказчика, но больше всего его силой характера.в его искренности и возможности не уважение, укрепить его способность проводить его в жесткой общества.он был выбран капитаном волонтер компании собрались на чёрный ястреб войны (1832), но компания не видела бой.

возвращение к новым салем, линкольн был партнером в продуктовом магазине, который не, оставив ему тяжелое бремя задолженности.он стал инспектор долгое время была деревня почтмейстер, и выполняли различные случайными заработками, в том числе железнодорожных гонораров.все это время он пытается улучшить его образования и изучал право.история короткой любви с энн ратледж, который якобы произошло в это время, сейчас дискредитировано.



в начале политической карьеры 1834, линкольн был избран в законодательное собрание штата, в которой он служил четыре последовательных срока (до 1841) и добилась известности как вигов.в 1836 году он получил лицензию в качестве адвоката,и в следующем году он переехал в спрингфилде, где он стал партнер джона т. стюарт.линкольн практики растет.первое партнерство сменил другие, со стивеном т. логан, а затем William H. херндоне, который позднее был бы линкольн биограф.линкольн выставлены большие способности в области права, готовы понять аргументы, и искренность, и четкость речи.

в 1842 году он женился на мэри тодд (см. линкольн, мэри тодд) после беспокойного ухаживания.он продолжил свой интерес к политике и вышли на национальном уровне в один срок в конгрессе (1847 - 49).он остается неясным, однако и его нападения как вигов о мотивах мексиканской войны (хотя он проголосовал за военные поставки), как представляется, непатриотично его избирателей, и он потерял популярность дома.линкольн, работал на выборах в вигов кандидата, закари тейлор, в 1848 году, но когда он не был вознагражден с управлением желал комиссара генеральной земельной собственности он решил уйти из политики и вернуться к практике права.

рабства и дебаты линкольна - дугласа

адвокат вновь появились в прериях политика в 1854 году,